不同护坡草本植物的根系特征及对土壤渗透性的影响

为明确三峡库区植被边坡植物物种根系特征与土壤渗透性之间的关系,以裸地为对照,应用WinRHIZO(Pro.2004c)根系分析系统对香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides(Lin.) Nash)、百喜草(Paspalum notatum Flugge)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers.)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)等4种护坡草本的根系特征进行定量分析.结果表明:(1)紫花苜蓿和香根草的根长密度和根表面积密度显著大于狗牙根和百喜草;(2)不同草本类型和同一草本不同土层之间土壤渗透性存在较大差异,且各草本土壤渗透性随土层深度的增加而降低;相对于裸地而言,4种草本均能显著增强土壤渗透性,其土壤渗透性优劣表现为:香根草＞紫花苜蓿＞百喜草＞狗牙根;(3)土壤的初始入渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透率和渗透总量等各参数均随根长密度和根表面积密度增大而增强,且与直径介于0.5-5 mm不同径级的根系特征之间存在明显的相关性,故根系对土壤渗透性的增强作用主要归功于0.5-5 mm径级的根长密度和根表面积密度;(4)根长密度、根表面积密度对考斯加科夫入渗模型参数K和a有较大影响,随着根长密度和根表面积密度的增加,表征土壤初始入渗率的K值逐渐增大,而表征入渗能力衰减的参数a逐渐减小.     

Demographic buffering and compensatory recruitment promotes the persistence of disease in a wildlife population

Demographic buffering allows populations to persist by compensating for fluctuations in vital rates, including disease‐induced mortality. Using long‐term data on a badger (Meles meles Linnaeus, 1758) population naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis, we built an integrated population model to quantify impacts of disease, density and environmental drivers on survival and recruitment. Badgers exhibit a slow life‐history strategy, having high rates of adult survival with low variance, and low but variable rates of recruitment. Recruitment exhibited strong negative density‐dependence, but was not influenced by disease, while adult survival was density independent but declined with increasing prevalence of diseased individuals. Given that reproductive success is not depressed by disease prevalence, density‐dependent recruitment of cubs is likely to compensate for disease‐induced mortality. This combination of slow life history and compensatory recruitment promotes the persistence of a naturally infected badger population and helps to explain the badger's role as a persistent reservoir of M. bovis.     

黄土旱塬区土壤水分状况与作物生长、降水的关系

土壤水分研究是统筹农业生产和生态环境建设的关键环节.本研究结合4年田间定位试验,通过对黄土高原南部长武旱塬冬小麦和春玉米2012—2015年土壤水分状况的研究,分析农田土壤干层形成情况、土壤水分对作物生长的影响、降水对土壤水库的影响以及作物对土壤水分状况的影响.结果表明: 降水年型是冬小麦地土壤干层形成的主导因素,年内降水分布不均是春玉米地土壤干层形成的主导因素.长武旱塬区冬小麦和春玉米一年一季的种植制度不会导致永久性干层的产生;相较于春玉米,冬小麦根系生长习性更符合黄土旱塬区土壤水分循环特征,黄土旱塬区土壤水分有效性可保证作物产量稳定;降水作用下,冬小麦土壤水库充、放水过程呈现收获期、休闲期和苗期连续充水、缓慢消耗期和大量消耗期连续失水相互交替的特点.0～300和300～600 cm土层土壤水库不一致性现象明显,以最大根深作为野外监测试验中土壤含水量的取样深度时,由于深层土壤水库负反馈作用,不同降水年型下,休闲期和苗期的蒸散均会被高估,缓慢消耗期和大量消耗期的蒸散均会被低估.冬小麦田间过渡层存在的范围为140～360 cm;作物生长的时间跨度影响土壤水库效应的发挥,土壤水库对冬小麦供水表现为年际间的调节作用,土壤水库对春玉米供水表现为季节间的调节作用.     

油藏嗜热菌与膨润土的相互作用及其对储层防膨的意义

[目的]本文从胜利油田沾3区块的高温油藏的原油采出液中分离得到一株嗜热菌,通过其与膨润土的相互作用,尝试探讨油藏微生物作为油藏储层中水敏性矿物（如蒙皂石）改性剂的可能性。[意义]研究结果将在降低水敏矿物的膨胀性能,为解决水驱采油中遇到的水敏效应的瓶颈问题提供微生物的新途径。[结果]所得菌株为革兰氏阳性菌,呈杆状,具芽孢,兼性厌氧,鉴定为Geobacillus icigianus SL-1。菌株SL-1在厌氧条件下能够还原蒙皂石的结构铁。扫描电镜（SEM）结果显示,无菌对照体系中,蒙皂石呈不规则薄片状。而经微生物作用后,除薄片状蒙皂石外,另有板状次生矿物的生成。进一步能谱（EDS）分析表明,与薄片状蒙皂石相比,板状矿物含有较高的Al/Si比值,且含有明显的K⁺信号。XRD结果显示,经过微生物作用后,固相物质中蒙皂石的百分比下降至47.7%,伊利石百分比上升至29.1%,而无菌对照组中蒙皂石的百分含量则为70.4%,伊利石的百分比则为19.8%。XRD物相分析和EDS结果均证实经过微生物作用后,部分蒙皂石转化成了伊利石。膨胀性能的分析进一步揭示菌株SL-1作用后,矿物膨胀性较初始矿物显著降低,缩膨率达到25.9%。以上结果为油藏储层防膨提供了重要的实验依据。     

Microbiological Processes in a High-Temperature Oil Field

Thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) oxidizing lactate, butyrate, and C₁₂–C₁₆ n-alkanes of oil at a temperature of 90°C were isolated from samples of water and oil originating from oil reservoirs of the White Tiger high-temperature oil field (Vietnam). At the same time, no thermophiles were detected in the injected seawater, which contained mesophilic microorganisms and was the site of low-temperature processes of sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. Thermophilic SRB were also found in samples of liquid taken from various engineering reservoirs used for oil storage, treatment, and transportation. These samples also contained mesophilic SRB, methanogens, aerobic oil-oxidizing bacteria, and heterotrophs. Rates of bacterial production of hydrogen sulfide varied from 0.11 to 2069.63 at 30°C and from 1.18 to 173.86 at 70°C g S/(l day); and those of methane production, varied from 58.4 to 100 629.8 nl CH₄/(l day) (at 30°C). The sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfates contained in reservoir waters and of hydrogen sulfide of the accompanying gas indicate that bacterial sulfate reduction might be effective in the depth of the oil field.     

Control of biogenic H(2)S production with nitrite and molybdate

The effects of the metabolic inhibitors, sodium nitrite and ammonium molybdate, on production of H₂S by a pure culture of the sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) Desulfovibrio sp. strain Lac6 and a consortium of SRB, enriched from produced water of a Canadian oil field, were investigated. Addition of 0.1 mM nitrite or 0.024 mM molybdate at the start of growth prevented the production of H₂S by strain Lac6. With exponentially growing cultures, higher levels of inhibitors, 0.25 mM nitrite or 0.095 mM molybdate, were required to suppress the production of H₂S. Simultaneous addition of nitrite and molybdate had a synergistic effect: at time 0, 0.05 mM nitrite and 0.01 mM molybdate, whereas during the exponential phase, 0.1 mM nitrite and 0.047 mM molybdate were sufficient to stop H₂S production. With an exponentially growing consortium of SRB, enriched from produced water of the Coleville oil field, much higher levels of inhibitors, 4 mM nitrite or 0.47 mM molybdate, were needed to stop the production of H₂S. The addition of these inhibitors had no effect on the composition of the microbial community, as shown by reverse sample genome probing. The results indicate that the efficiency of inhibitors in containment of SRB depends on the composition and metabolic state of the microbial community. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 26, 350–355. Received 02 August 2000/ Accepted in revised form 17 April 2001     

Altering the balance between bacterial production and protistan bacterivory triggers shifts in freshwater bacterial community composition

Bacterivorous protists are known to induce changes in bacterial community composition (BCC). We hypothesized that changes in BCC could be related quantitatively to a measure of grazing: the ratio of bacterial mortality to growth rate. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed time-course changes in BCC, protistan grazing rate, and bacterial production from 3 in situ studies conducted in a freshwater reservoir and three laboratory studies. In the field experiments, samples were manipulated to yield different levels of protistan bacterivory and incubated in dialysis bags. Laboratory investigations were continuous cultivation studies in which different bacterivorous protists were added to bacterial communities. BCC was assessed using 4–6 different rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes for community analysis. Change in BCC (Δ BCC) was estimated as the sum of changes in the proportions of the two phylogenetic groups that showed the largest shifts. Analysis of a set of 22 estimates of shifts in the ratio of grazing to production rate over periods of 48–72 h and Δ BCC showed that Δ BCC was positively and tightly correlated (r ² = 0.784) with shifts in the ratio of grazing mortality to cell production. While the nature of a shift in BCC is unpredictable, the magnitude of the change can be related to changes in the balance between bacterial production and protistan grazing. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of pine wilt disease invasion on soil properties and Masson pine forest communities in the Three Gorges reservoir region,China

Pine wilt disease (PWD) has caused significant Masson pine mortality in the Three Gorges reservoir region in central China. In this study, five uniform Masson pine stand types infected by PWD were selected and surveyed on slopes and aspects with similar environmental conditions. In sites that had been infected, soil bulk density was reduced, and the difference among the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05) at the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers, but not at 20–40 cm. Other soil water‐related physical properties, excluding noncapillary porosity, significantly differed among the groups in all soil layers. Additionally, the values of available phosphorus, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were higher in the invaded stands, but the total nitrogen and organic matter contents were lower. Masson pine does not become reestablished following PWD‐induced mortality but is instead replaced by broad‐leaved tree species. Among the 19 examined environmental variables, five were found to be significantly related with the ordination of plant community structure: Masson pine stumps (MPS), K⁺, capillary water holding capacity (CWHC), capillary porosity (CP), and soil water content (SWC). Among these factors, the plant community structure was principally related to MPS and K⁺. The findings of this study show that the outbreak of PWD has impacted Masson pine forest soil properties and altered forest community composition. The disease is negatively related with the presence of Masson pine and positively associated with that of broad‐leaved tree species.